In 1969, Leo Esaki (1973 Nobel Laureate) and Ray Tsu from IBM, USA, proposed research on man-made crystals using a semiconductor superlattice (a semiconductor structure comprising several alternating ultra-thin layers of semiconductor materials with different properties). This invention was perhaps the first proposal to advocate the engineering of a new semiconductor material, and triggered a wide spectrum of experimental and theoretical investigations. However, the study of what are now called low dimensional structures (LDS) began in the late 1970's when sufficiently thin epitaxial layers were first produced following developments in the technology of epitaxial growth of semiconductors, mainly pioneered in industrial laboratories for device purposes.
The LDS are materials structures whose dimensions are comparable with inter-atomic distances in solids (i.e. nanometre, nm). Their electronic properties are significantly different from the same material in bulk form. These properties are changed by quantum effects. At the inception of their investigation it was already clear that such structures were of great scientific interest and excitement and their novel properties caused by quantum effects offered potential for application in new devices. Moreover these complex LDS offer device engineers new design opportunities for tailor-made new generation electronic devices. The LDS could be considered as a new branch of condensed matter physics because of the large variety of possible structures and the changes in the physical processes.
One of the promising fabrication methods to produce and study structures with a dimension less than two such as quantum wires and quantum dots, in order to realise novel devices that make use of low-dimensional confinement effects, is self-organisation. Self-assembled nanostructured materials offer a number of advantages over conventional material technologies in a wide-range of sectors. Clearly, future research work on self-assembled nanostructures will connect diverse areas of material science, physics, chemistry, electronics and optoelectronics.
Key Features:
- Contributors are world leaders in the field
- Brings together all the factors which are essential in self-organisation of quantum nanostructures
- Reviews the current status of research and development in self-organised nanostructured materials
- Provides a ready source of information on a wide range of topics
- Useful to any scientist who is involved in nanotechnology
- Excellent starting point for workers entering the field
- Serves as an excellent reference manual
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